Albert I, Duke of Bavaria

Albert I
Duke of Bavaria
The Trinity with Albrecht of Bavaria (1400-1404)
Spouse(s)	Margaret of Brieg Margaret of Cleves
Issue Katharina, Duchess of Gelders and Jülich Johanna, Queen of Bohemia Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy William VI, Count of Holland Albert II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing Joanna Sophia, Duchess of Austria John, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing
Noble family	House of Wittelsbach
Father	Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother	Margaret II, Countess of Holland
Born	(1336-07-25)25 July 1336 Munich
Died	13 December 1404(1404-12-13) (aged 68) The Hague

Duke Albert I (German: Albrecht; 25 July 1336, Munich – 13 December 1404, The Hague) KG, was a feudal ruler of the counties of Holland, Hainaut, and Zeeland in the Low Countries. Additionally, he held a portion of the Bavarian province of Straubing, his Bavarian ducal line's appanage and seat.

Biography

Silver groat or 'voetdrager', struck under Albert of Bavaria.
Mintplace: Dordrecht 1389-1404.

Albert was the third son of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor from his second wife Empress Margaret, who was the daughter of William III, Count of Holland and Hainaut. Albert was originally a younger son, apportioned at best an appanage. He was only 10 years old when his father died, leaving most of his Bavarian inheritance to his eldest half-brother, Louis V, Duke of Bavaria, but also some appanages to the younger sons.

His elder brother, William V, Count of Holland, had engaged in a long struggle with their mother, obtaining Holland and Zeeland from her in 1354, and Hainaut on her death in 1356. William was supported by the party of burghers of the cities. They were opposed in this by the Hook faction, the party of disaffected nobles who were supporters of Empress Margaret. Margaret had been Countess of Holland, Zeeland and Hainault in succession to her brother William IV, who was killed in battle. She had resigned her sovereignty in favour of her son William V, but the result was a period of great upheavals and chaos which gave rise to the formation of these two opposing parties.

However, William's insanity resulted in the appointment of the then 22-year-old Albert as governor (or regent or ruwaard) of his brother's territories from 1358 onwards. During Albert's regency, affairs ran smoothly and trade improved. Troubles between the two political parties, the Hoeks ("Hooks") and Kabeljauws ("Cods"), remained barely beneath the surface. William lived for another thirty years. Albert did not formally succeed him until his death in 1388, by which time he had already arranged the marriage of his daughters to a number of Imperial princes and other nobles. The eldest daughter to have children was Margaret; her son Philip III, Duke of Burgundy would ultimately inherit Albert's territories.

In Albert's own reign, troubles erupted between the Hoeks and the Kabeljauws because of a woman. Albert always had mistresses, but this time his attentions were drawn to Aleid van Poelgeest, a member of the Kabeljauw party. She was considered very beautiful and was able to gain political influence which was resented. A plot was hatched among the Hoeks as well as members of Albert's household. On 22 September 1392 Aleid was murdered in The Hague.

In his rage Albert persecuted the Hoeks, by sword and fire, conquering one castle after the other. Even his own son and heir, William, did not feel safe and went to live in Hainault. During his last years, Albert fought the Frisians. They were beaten time and time again, but were never completely conquered.

On Albert's death in 1404, he was succeeded by his eldest son, William. A younger son, John III, became Bishop of Liège. However, on William's death in 1417, a war of succession broke out between John and William's daughter Jacqueline of Hainaut. This would be the last episode of the Hook and Cod wars and would lead to the counties being placed into Burgundian hands.

Family and children

Coats of Arms of the Counts of Hainaut and Holland of Wittelsbach family.

Albert married in Passau after 19 July 1353, Margaret of Brieg from Silesia (1342/43 – 1386), and had seven children, all of whom lived to adulthood:

1. Katherine of Bavaria (c. 1361 – 1400, Hattem), married in Geertruidenberg in 1379 William I of Gelders and Jülich.
2. Johanna of Bavaria (c. 1362 – 1386), married Wenceslaus, King of the Romans.
3. Margaret of Bavaria (1363 – 23 January 1423, Dijon), married in Cambrai in 1385 John the Fearless.
4. William VI, Count of Holland (1365–1417), father of Jacqueline of Hainault.
5. Albert II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing (1369 – 21 January 1397, Kelheim).
6. Joanna Sophia (c. 1373 – 15 November 1410, Vienna), married on 15 June 1395 Albert IV, Duke of Austria.
7. John, Count of Holland (1374/76 – 1425), Bishop of Liège.

He also had several illegitimate children.

Albert contracted a second marriage in 1394 in Heusden with Margaret of Cleves (c. 1375 – 1412), sister of Adolph I, Duke of Cleves, but they had no children.

Ancestors

See also

• Counts of Hainaut family tree

Albert I, Duke of Bavaria House of Wittelsbach Born: 25 July 1336 Died: 13 December 1404
Regnal titles
Preceded by Louis IV	Duke of Bavaria jointly with Louis V, Stephen II, Louis VI, William I, Otto V 1347–1349	Succeeded by (partitioned into Upper and Lower Bavaria)
Preceded by (created from Bavaria)	Duke of Lower Bavaria jointly with Stephen II and William I 1349–1353	Succeeded by (partitioned into Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing)
Preceded by (created from Lower Bavaria)	Duke of Bavaria-Straubing jointly with William I and Albert II 1353–1404	Succeeded by William II
Preceded by William V	Count of Hainaut , Holland and Zeeland 1388–1404	Succeeded by William VI