31st Chess Olympiad
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The 31st Chess Olympiad, organized by FIDE and comprising an open[1] and a women's tournament, took place between November 30 and December 17, 1994, in Moscow, Russia. Both tournament sections were officiated by international arbiter Yuri Averbakh of Russia.
The record number of nations once again counted some old faces playing under new flags. Yugoslavia was back, but now represented by the federation of Serbia-Montenegro. Another former Yugoslav republic, Macedonia, also made its debut, as did the Czech Republic and Slovakia who competed individually for the first time. Finally, the International Braille Chess Association entered two truly international teams.
The Russian team retained their title, captained by PCA world champion Kasparov. Due to a dispute with the national federation, FIDE champion Anatoly Karpov was not present. A strong performance from Bosnia-Herzegovina, led by Nikolić, earned them the silver, while the Russian "B" team of juniors, somewhat surprisingly, took the bronze - the first and only time that the same nation has occupied more than one medal rank.
Open event
The open division was contested by 124 teams representing 122 nations plus Russia "B" and the IBCA. The time control for each game permitted each player 2 hours to make the first 40 of his or her moves, then an additional 1-hour to make the next 20 moves. In the event of a draw, the tie-break was decided by 1. The Buchholz system; and 2. Match points.
Open event # Country Players Average
ratingPoints Buchholz 1 Russia
Kasparov, Kramnik, Bareev, Dreev, Tiviakov, Svidler 2714 37½ 2 Bosnia and Herzegovina
P. Nikolić, Sokolov, Kurajica, Dizdarević, N. Nikolić, Milovanović 2585 35 3 Russia "B"
Morozevich, Zviagintsev, Ulibin, Rublevsky, Sakaev, Yemelin 2570 34½ 457.5 # Country Average
ratingPoints Buchholz MP 4 England
2630 34½ 5 Bulgaria
2570 34 453.0 6 Netherlands
2610 34 450.5 7 United States
2598 34 432.5 8 Hungary
2619 33½ 449.5 9 Ukraine
2624 33½ 448.5 10 Georgia
2564 33½ 446.5 11 China
2530 33½ 443.5 12 Belarus
2565 33½ 434.0 13 Armenia
2601 33 442.5 14 Israel
2611 33 438.0 15 Yugoslavia
2546 32½ 453.0 16 Germany
2611 32½ 452.0 17 Estonia
2536 32½ 449.5 18 Spain
2525 32½ 440.0 19 Latvia
2595 32 437.0 20 Cuba
2508 32 433.0 18 21 Philippines
2465 32 433.0 16 22 Iceland
2553 32 432.0 23 Uzbekistan
2569 32 427.5 24 Lithuania
2528 31½ 448.5 25 Romania
2495 31½ 438.5 26 Croatia
2555 31½ 435.0 27 Poland
2496 31½ 427.5 28 Denmark
2501 31 440.0 29 Czech Republic
2521 31 431.5 30 Slovakia
2504 31 422.0 31 Switzerland
2509 31 421.5 32 Indonesia
2464 31 420.5 33 Argentina
2519 30½ 436.5 34 France
2529 30½ 432.5 35 Kyrgyzstan
2428 30½ 421.0 36 Azerbaijan
2188 30½ 420.0 37 Slovenia
2455 30½ 416.0 38 Peru
2495 30½ 410.5 39 Mexico
2415 30½ 403.5 40 Turkmenistan
2418 30 425.0 41 Moldova
2499 30 424.0 42 Australia
2476 30 423.5 43 Greece
2501 30 421.5 44 Kazakhstan
2486 30 420.5 45 Macedonia
2440 30 418.0 46 Belgium
2345 30 405.0 47 Norway
2464 29½ 430.5 48 Vietnam
2394 29½ 418.5 49 Turkey
2395 29½ 408.5 15 50 Portugal
2449 29½ 408.5 14 51 Finland
2375 29½ 407.0 52 Faroe Islands
2260 29½ 367.5 53 Italy
2448 29 411.5 54 Scotland
2428 29 409.5 55 India
2475 29 398.0 56 Ireland
2303 29 394.5 57 Tunisia
2381 29 393.0 58 South Africa
2265 29 392.0 59 Austria
2431 29 388.0 60 Albania
2343 29 384.0 61 Chile
2400 28½ 405.5 62 Brazil
2510 28½ 402.0 63 Luxembourg
2333 28½ 396.5 64 United Arab Emirates
2148 28½ 367.5 65 Canada
2440 28 413.0 66 Bangladesh
2420 28 410.0 67 Morocco
2270 28 399.0 14 68 Tajikistan
2320 28 399.0 12 69 Egypt
2385 28 395.5 70 Algeria
2268 28 377.5 71 Mongolia
2341 27½ 397.5 72 Ecuador
2180 27½ 386.5 73 Dominican Republic
2193 27½ 372.5 74 New Zealand
2314 27½ 371.0 75 Nigeria
2184 27½ 370.5 76 Wales
2178 27½ 367.5 77 Singapore
2359 27 392.5 78 Uruguay
2391 27 388.5 79 Colombia
2349 27 368.5 80 IBCA 2255 26½ 81 Costa Rica
2289 26 377.5 82 Iran
2210 26 375.5 83 Zimbabwe
2135 26 359.5 84 Hong Kong
2171 26 354.0 85 Andorra
2134 26 348.5 86 Iraq
2300 25½ 390.0 87 Japan
2261 25½ 382.5 88 Thailand
2128 25½ 380.0 89 Yemen
2000 25½ 373.5 90 Paraguay
2286 25½ 372.0 91 Liechtenstein
2204 25½ 360.5 92 Nicaragua
2183 25½ 355.0 93 Angola
2206 25½ 356.5 94 Guatemala
2053 25½ 316.5 95 Lebanon
2190 25 375.0 96 Malaysia
2051 25 368.5 97 El Salvador
2058 25 357.5 98 Venezuela
2041 24½ 378.0 99 Bermuda
2040 24½ 364.5 100 Jordan
2213 24½ 363.0 101 Barbados
2123 24½ 343.5 102 Honduras
2000 24½ 329.5 103 Netherlands Antilles
2026 24½ 322.5 104 Puerto Rico
2250 24 373.0 105 Qatar
2190 24 364.5 106 Sudan
2146 24 349.0 107 Malta
2094 24 345.0 108 Haiti
2054 24 324.5 109 Zambia
2051 23½ 368.0 110 Cyprus
2105 23½ 355.0 111 Botswana
2199 23½ 347.5 112 Fiji
2043 23½ 327.5 113 Mauritius
2051 23½ 322.0 114 Macau
2000 23½ 315.0 115 British Virgin Islands
2118 23 321.5 116 San Marino
2053 23 319.5 117 Palestine
2000 23 314.5 118 Monaco
2000 22½ 119 Bahrain
2000 22 120 Panama
2000 21½ 121 Namibia
2000 19 122 Guernsey and
Jersey
2000 15½ 123 Seychelles
2000 14 124 United States Virgin Islands
2000 11
Individual medals
- Performance rating:
Veselin Topalov 2781
- Board 1:
Daniel Hugo Cámpora 7½ / 9 = 83.3%
- Board 2:
Carlos Dávila 11 / 14 = 78.6%
- Board 3:
Ennio Arlandi 7½ / 9 = 83.3%
- Board 4:
Yasser Seirawan 8½ / 10 = 85.0%
- 1st reserve:
Leighton Williams 6 / 7 = 85.7%
- 2nd reserve:
Brian Kelly 5½ / 7 = 78.6%
Women's results
The women's division was contested by 81 teams representing 79 nations plus Russia "B" and the IBCA. The time control for each game permitted each player 2 hours to make the first 40 of his or her moves, then an additional 1-hour to make the next 20 moves. In the event of a draw, the tie-break was decided by 1. The Buchholz system; and 2. Match points.
The Georgian team, led by former world champion Chiburdanidze, retained their title. Hungary returned to the medal ranks due to the return of Zsuzsa and Zsófia Polgár. Meanwhile, little sister Judit played first board for the Hungarian team in the open event - the first woman to do so. China, captained by reigning world champion Xie Jun, took the bronze.
# Country Players Average
ratingPoints Buchholz 1 Georgia
Chiburdanidze, Ioseliani, Arakhamia-Grant, Gurieli 2463 32 2 Hungary
Zsuzsa Polgár, Zsófia Polgár, Mádl, Csonkics 2472 31 3 China
Xie Jun, Peng Zhaoqin, Qin Kanying, Zhu Chen 2420 27 351.0 # Country Average
ratingPoints Buchholz 4 Romania
2357 27 346.0 5 Ukraine
2340 25 6 Estonia
2255 24½ 336.5 7 Germany
2352 24½ 326.0 8 England
2270 24½ 320.5 9 Israel
2260 24 346.0 10 Russia
2382 24 342.0 11 Kazakhstan
2267 24 338.0 12 Russia "B"
2238 24 337.5 13 Bulgaria
2317 24 328.0 14 Vietnam
2120 24 324.5 15 Belarus
2263 24 322.5 16 Greece
2280 24 314.0 17 Yugoslavia
2378 23½ 332.5 18 Azerbaijan
2352 23½ 329.5 19 Croatia
2258 23½ 324.5 20 Poland
2298 23½ 309.0 21 Czech Republic
2227 23½ 304.0 22 United States
2317 23 329.5 23 Lithuania
2212 23 304.5 24 Armenia
2203 22½ 323.5 25 Cuba
2203 22½ 322.0 26 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2188 22½ 320.5 27 Latvia
2317 22½ 320.0 28 France
2180 22½ 317.5 29 Indonesia
2167 22½ 314.5 30 Slovenia
2167 22½ 310.5 31 Uzbekistan
2150 22½ 305.0 32 Mongolia
2143 22½ 300.5 33 Denmark
2143 22½ 289.0 34 India
2178 22 309.0 35 Netherlands
2213 22 302.0 36 Argentina
2152 22 301.0 37 Switzerland
2188 22 300.0 38 Moldova
2263 21½ 343.0 39 Spain
2240 21½ 316.5 40 Kyrgyzstan
2177 21½ 301.0 41 Norway
2072 21½ 287.0 42 Slovakia
2167 21 305.0 43 Sweden
2158 21 295.0 44 Brazil
2095 21 290.0 45 Macedonia
2113 20½ 294.0 46 Finland
2058 20½ 289.5 47 Italy
2015 20½ 276.0 48 Ireland
2032 20½ 274.5 49 Malaysia
2012 20½ 272.0 50 Turkmenistan
2038 20 293.0 51 Scotland
2035 20 292.5 52 Canada
2090 20 287.0 53 IBCA 2115 20 285.5 54 Austria
2095 20 283.0 55 Colombia
2037 20 263.0 56 Australia
2118 19½ 296.0 57 Venezuela
2027 19½ 288.0 58 Turkey
2040 19½ 275.0 59 Philippines
2003 19½ 265.5 60 Chile
2022 19½ 248.0 61 Dominican Republic
2000 19½ 219.0 62 Bangladesh
2110 19 294.5 63 Mexico
2000 19 273.5 64 Algeria
2000 19 244.0 65 Wales
2003 19 226.5 66 Nigeria
2000 19 222.0 67 Ecuador
2000 18½ 283.5 68 Portugal
2002 18½ 281.0 69 Albania
2000 18½ 273.5 70 Belgium
2000 18½ 259.5 71 Iran
2000 18½ 229.0 72 Puerto Rico
2002 18 240.0 73 Singapore
2003 18 223.5 74 New Zealand
2012 18 213.0 75 Costa Rica
2000 17½ 76 Zimbabwe
2003 17 77 Seychelles
2000 14½ 78 Botswana
2000 10½ 79 Malta
2000 10 213.5 80 Netherlands Antilles
2000 10 212.0 81 United States Virgin Islands
2003 7½
Individual medals
- Performance rating:
Zsófia Polgár 2625
- Board 1: Lubov Zsiltzova-Lisenko (IBCA) 10½ / 13 = 80.8%
- Board 2:
Zsófia Polgár 12½ / 14 = 89.3%
- Board 3:
Amelia Hernández 8½ / 9 = 94.4%
- Reserve:
Elena Sedina 10½ / 12 = 87.5%
References
- 31st Chess Olympiad: Moscow 1994 OlimpBase