2005 French riots

2005 French riots

Various scenes from the civil unrest
Date 27 October – 16 November 2005
Location Various cities and towns in France
47°N 2°E / 47°N 2°E / 47; 2Coordinates: 47°N 2°E / 47°N 2°E / 47; 2
Causes Police chase of youths on 27 October
Methods Arson, rioting
Result Rioting slows down by mid-November, state of emergency declared on 8 November
Parties to the civil conflict
Unorganized groups
Lead figures
Non-centralized leadership
Number
Unknown
Unknown
Casualties
2,888 arrested
Unknown injured
126 police officers and firemen injured
2 civilians killed by rioters[1][2]
1 civilian killed by smoke inhalation[3]

In October and November 2005, a series of riots occurred in the suburbs of Paris and other French cities,[4][5] involving the burning of cars and public buildings at night. The events, largely associated with immigrant communities with Arab or otherwise Muslim background, have been popularly named as the French Intifada.[6]

The unrest started on 27 October at Clichy-sous-Bois, where police were investigating a reported break-in at a building site, and a group of local youths scattered in order to avoid interrogation. Three of them hid in an electricity substation where two died from electrocution, resulting in a power blackout. (It was not established whether police had suspected these individuals or a different group, wanted on separate charges.) The incident ignited rising tensions about youth unemployment and police harassment in the poorer housing estates, and there followed three weeks of rioting throughout France. The rioters were the children of African immigrants, strongly identified with Islam, and feeling culturally different from the French.[7] A state of emergency was declared on 8 November, later extended for three weeks, and the government announced a crackdown on immigration and fraudulent marriages.

The riots resulted in three deaths of non-rioters, many police injuries and nearly 3000 arrests.

Triggering event

Areas of Rioting in the Paris region as of 1 November

Citing two police investigations, The New York Times reported that the incident began at 17:20 on Thursday, 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois when police were called to a construction site to investigate a possible break-in. Three teenagers, chased by the police, climbed a wall to hide in a power substation. Six youths were detained by 17:50. During questioning at the police station in Livry-Gargan at 18:12, blackouts occurred at the station and in nearby areas. The police said that these were caused by the electrocution of two boys, Zyed Benna and Bouna Traoré; a third boy, Muhittin Altun, suffered electric shock injury from the power substation they were hiding in.[8][9] The New York Times wrote:

According to statements by Mr. Altun, who remains hospitalized with injuries, a group of ten or so friends had been playing football on a nearby field and were returning home when they saw the police patrol. They all fled in different directions to avoid the lengthy questioning that youths in the housing projects say they often face from the police. They say they are required to present identity papers and can be held as long as four hours at the police station, and sometimes their parents must come before the police will release them.[8]

There is controversy over whether the teens were actually being chased. The local prosecutor, François Molins, said that although they believed so, the police were actually after other suspects attempting to avoid an identity check.[10]

This event ignited pre-existing tensions. Protesters told The Associated Press the unrest was an expression of frustration with high unemployment and police harassment and brutality. "People are joining together to say we've had enough", said one protester. "We live in ghettos. Everyone lives in fear."[11] The rioters' suburbs are also home to a large, mostly North African, immigrant population, allegedly adding religious tensions, which some commentators believed contribute further to such frustrations. However, according to Pascal Mailhos, head of the Renseignements Généraux (French intelligence agency) radical Islamism had no influence over the 2005 civil unrest in France.[12]

Timeline

While tension had been building among the juvenile population in France, action was not taken until the reopening of schools in Autumn, since most of the French population is on holiday during the late summer months. However, on 27 October 2005, in Clichy-sous-Bois, late in the afternoon, about ten Clichois came back on foot from the stadium, where they spent the afternoon playing football. Along the way, they walked near a big building site. A local resident reported an attempted robbery near the construction site to police which then sent a car. The national police tried to arrest six French youths of African or North African origin: four in the Vincent Auriol park and two others in the cemetery which adjoins the electrical substation EDF (Electricité de France) where three others who escaped took refuge - Bouna Traoré ( 15 years), Zyed Benna ( 17 years), and Muhittin Altun ( 17 years). Trying to hide in the electrical substation, Bouna Traoré and Zyed Benna died by electrocution. The third, Muhittin Altun, was seriously burned, but recovered and returned to the district. Shortly after this tragedy, riots began. Initially confined to the Paris area, the unrest subsequently spread to other areas of the Île-de-France région, and spread through the outskirts of France's urban areas, also affecting some rural areas. After 3 November it spread to other cities in France, affecting all 15 of the large aires urbaines in the country. Thousands of vehicles were burned, and at least one person was killed by the rioters. Close to 2900 rioters were arrested.

On 8 November, President Jacques Chirac declared a state of emergency,[13][14] effective at midnight. Despite the new regulations, riots continued, though on a reduced scale, the following two nights, and again worsened the third night. On 9 November and the morning of 10 November a school was burned in Belfort, and there was violence in Toulouse, Lille, Strasbourg, Marseille, and Lyon.

On 10 November and the morning of 11 November, violence increased overnight in the Paris region, and there were still a number of police wounded across the country.[15] According to the Interior Minister, violence, arson, and attacks on police worsened on the 11th and morning of the 12th, and there were further attacks on electricity substations, causing a blackout in the northern part of Amiens.

Rioting took place in the city center of Lyon on Saturday, 12 November, as young people attacked cars and threw rocks at riot police who responded with tear gas. Also that night, a nursery school was torched in the southern town of Carpentras.[16]

On the night of the 14th and the morning of the 15th, 215 vehicles were burned across France and 71 people were arrested. Thirteen vehicles were torched in central Paris, compared to only one the night before. In the suburbs of Paris, firebombs were thrown at the treasury in Bobigny and at an electrical transformer in Clichy-sous-Bois, the neighborhood where the disturbances started. A daycare centre in Cambrai and a tourist agency in Fontenay-sous-Bois were also attacked. Eighteen buses were damaged by arson at a depot in Saint-Étienne. The mosque in Saint-Chamond was hit by three firebombs, which did little damage.

A burnt car in Paris' suburbs

Only 163 vehicles went up in flames on the 20th night of unrest, 15 to 16 November, leading the French government to claim that the country was returning to an "almost normal situation". During the night's events, a Roman Catholic church was burned and a vehicle was rammed into an unoccupied police station in Romans-sur-Isère. In other incidents, a police officer was injured while making an arrest after youths threw bottles of acid at the town hall in Pont-l'Évêque, and a junior high school in Grenoble was set on fire. Fifty arrests were carried out across the country.[17]

On 16 November, the French parliament approved a three-month extension of the state of emergency (which ended on 4 January 2006) aimed at curbing riots by urban youths. The Senate on Wednesday passed the extension - a day after a similar vote in the lower house. The laws allow local authorities to impose curfews, conduct house-to-house searches and ban public gatherings. The lower house passed them by a 346-148 majority, and the Senate by 202-125.[18]

Salah Gaham's death

Commemorative plaque of Salah Gaham

Salah Gaham was a French concierge. Gaham was born on 27 August 1971 in the Algerian city of Annaba. His family eventually moved to Vesoul (Haute-Saône), France. Soon after, Gaham found a job in the area of Planoise and moved to Besançon. He began working as a security officer for The Forum, a building located in Cassin.

On the night of 2 November 2005, three cars were burned in the basement of the Forum. Gaham attempted to extinguish the fire and fell unconscious due to smoke inhalation. Firefighters attempted to resuscitate Gaham but were unsuccessful. Gaham died at the age of thirty four; his was the first death caused by the period of civil unrest. The mayor honored Gaham by placing his name on a local street near the Forum. The street is called "Salah Gaham Square," and is marked by a commemorative plaque.[19]

Murders of Jean-Claude Irvoas and Jean-Jacques Le Chenadec

Jean-Claude Irvoas, 56, was beaten to death by rioters on 27 October while he was taking pictures in Epinay-sur-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis.[2] On 4 November, Jean-Jacques Le Chenadec, 61, was knocked unconscious by Salaheddine Alloul, 22, and died a few days later. The victim was trying to extinguish a trash bin fire near his home at Stains, Seine-Saint-Denis.[20]

Context

Commenting on other demonstrations in Paris a few months later, the BBC summarised reasons behind the events included youth unemployment and lack of opportunities in France's poorest communities.[21] This is still a trend occurring in French suburbs today.

The head of the Direction centrale des renseignements généraux found no Islamic factor in the riots, while the New York Times reported on 5 November 2005 that "majority of the youths committing the acts are Muslim, and of African or North African origin" local youths adding that "many children of native French have also taken part."[22]

The BBC reported that French society's negative perceptions of Islam and social discrimination of immigrants had alienated some French Muslims and may have been a factor in the causes of the riots: "Islam is seen as the biggest challenge to the country's secular model in the past 100 years".[23] It was reported that there was discontent and a sense of alienation felt by many French Muslims and North African immigrants in the suburbs of French cities.[24] However, the editorial also questioned whether or not such alarm is justified, citing that France's Muslim ghettos are not hotbeds of separatism and that "the suburbs are full of people desperate to integrate into the wider society."[25]

Assessment of rioting

Summary statistics

  • Started: 17:20 on Thursday, 27 October 2005 in Clichy-sous-Bois.
  • Towns affected: 274 (on 7 November[26])
  • Property damage: 8,973 vehicles (Not including buildings).
  • Monetary damage: Estimated at €200 Million.
  • Arrests: 2,888
  • Deaths: 2 (Salah Gaham and Jean-Jacques Le Chenadec)
  • Police and firefighters injured: 126

Figures and tables

Note: In the table and charts, events reported as occurring during a night and the following morning are listed as occurring on the day of the morning. The timeline article does the opposite.

Map showing the spread of civil unrest through the many different regions of France
  Departments with more car burnings than usual
  Departments with more car burnings than usual the day before
  Full extent


day No. of vehicles burned arrests extent of riots sources
1. Friday 28 October 2005 NA 27 Clichy-sous-Bois [27]
2. Saturday 29 October 2005 29 14 Clichy-sous-Bois [28][29]
3. Sunday 30 October 2005 30 19 Clichy-sous-Bois [30]
4. Monday 31 October 2005 NA NA Clichy-sous-Bois, Montfermeil  
5. Tuesday 1 November 2005 69 NA Seine-Saint-Denis [31]
6. Wednesday 2 November 2005 40 NA Seine-Saint-Denis, Seine-et-Marne, Val-de-Marne Val-d'Oise, Hauts-de-Seine  
7. Thursday 3 November 2005 315 29 Île-de-France, Dijon, Rouen, Bouches-du-Rhône, Planoise (one death) [32]
8. Friday 4 November 2005 596 78 Île-de-France, Dijon, Rouen, Marseille [32][33]
9. Saturday 5 November 2005 897 253 Île-de-France, Rouen, Dijon, Marseille, Évreux, Roubaix, Tourcoing, Hem, Strasbourg, Rennes, Nantes, Nice, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Pau, Lille [34][35]
10. Sunday 6 November 2005 1,295 312 Île-de-France, Nord, Eure, Eure-et-Loir, Haute-Garonne, Loire-Atlantique, Essonne. [36]
11. Monday 7 November 2005 1,408 395 274 towns in total. Île-de-France, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Midi-Pyrénées, Rhône-Alpes, Alsace, Franche-Comté, Angers. [37][38][39]
12. Tuesday 8 November 2005 1,173 330 Paris region, Lille, Auxerre, Toulouse, Alsace, Lorraine, Franche-Comté, Angers [40][41][42]
13. Wednesday 9 November 2005 617 280 116 towns in total. Paris region, Toulouse, Rhône, Gironde, Arras, Grasse, Dole, Bassens [43][44][45]
14. Thursday 10 November 2005 482 203 Toulouse, Belfort [46][47]
15. Friday 11 November 2005 463 201 Toulouse, Lille, Lyon, Strasbourg, Marseille [48]
16. Saturday 12 November 2005 502 206 NA [49]
17. Sunday 13 November 2005 374 212 Lyon, Toulouse, Carpentras, Dunkirk, Amiens, Grenoble fr:Violences urbaines de 2005 en banlieue française#Bilan des journées passées
18. Monday 14 November 2005 284 115 Toulouse, Faches-Thumesnil, Halluin, Grenoble [50]
19. Tuesday 15 November 2005 215 71 Saint-Chamond, Bourges [51][52]
20. Wednesday 16 November 2005 163 50 Paris region, Arras, Brest, Vitry-le-François, Romans-sur-Isère [53][54]
TOTAL 20 nights 8,973 2,888    

Response

Allegations of an organized plot and Nicolas Sarkozy's comments

Nicolas Sarkozy, interior minister at the time, declared a "zero tolerance" policy towards urban violence after the fourth night of riots and announced that 17 companies of riot police (C.R.S.) and seven mobile police squadrons (escadrons de gendarmerie mobile) would be stationed in contentious Paris neighborhoods.

The families of the two dead youths, after refusing to meet with Sarkozy, met with Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin. Azouz Begag, delegate minister for the promotion of equal opportunity, criticized Sarkozy for the latter's use of "imprecise, warlike semantics", while Marie-George Buffet, secretary of the French Communist Party, criticized an "unacceptable strategy of tension" and "the not less inexcusable definition of French youth as 'scum'" (racaille, a term considered by some to bear implicit racial and ethnic resonances) by the Interior Minister, Sarkozy. security council resolutions to The French communist party secretary Marie-George Buffet called for the creation of a Parliamentary commission to investigate the circumstances of the death of the two young people, which ignited the riots.[55]

State of emergency and measures concerning immigration policy

President Jacques Chirac announced a national state of emergency on 8 November. The same day, Lilian Thuram, a famous Football player and member of the Higher Council for Integration, blamed Sarkozy.[56] He explained that discrimination and unemployment were at the root of the problem. On 9 November 2005, Nicolas Sarkozy issued an order to deport foreigners convicted of involvement, provoking concerns from the left-wing. He told parliament that 120 foreigners, "not all of whom are here illegally" — had been called in by police and accused of taking part in the nightly attacks. "I have asked the prefects to deport them from our national territory without delay, including those who have a residency visa", he said. The far-right French politician Jean-Marie Le Pen agreed, stating that naturalized French rioters should have their citizenship revoked. The Syndicat de la Magistrature, a magistrate trade-union, criticized Sarkozy's attempts to make believe that most rioters were foreigners, whereas the huge majority of them were French citizens.[57] A demonstration against the expulsion of all foreign rioters and demanding the end of the state of emergency was called for on 15 November in Paris by left-wing and human rights organizations.

On 20 November 2005, Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin announced tightened controls on immigration: Authorities will increase enforcement of requirements that immigrants seeking 10-year residency permits or French citizenship master the French language and integrate into society. Chirac's government also plans to crack down on fraudulent marriages that some immigrants use to acquire residency rights and launch a stricter screening process for foreign students. Anti-racism groups widely opposed the measures, saying that greater government scrutiny of immigrants could stir up racism and racist acts and that energy and money was best deployed for other uses than chasing an ultra-minority of fraudsters.

Police

An extra 2,600 police were drafted on 6 November. On 7 November, French premier, Dominique de Villepin, announced on the TF1 television channel the deployment of 18,000 police officers, supported by a 1,500 strong reserve. Sarkozy also suspended eight police officers for beating up someone they had arrested after TV displayed the images of this act of police brutality.[58]

Media coverage

Jean-Claude Dassier, News director general at the private channel TF1 and one of France's leading TV news executives, admitted to self censoring the coverage of the riots in the country for fear of encouraging support for far-right politicians; while public television station France 3 stopped reporting the numbers of torched cars, apparently in order not to encourage "record making" between delinquent groups.[59][60]

Foreign news coverage was criticized by president Chirac as showing in some cases excessiveness (démesure)[61] and Prime Minister de Villepin said in an interview to CNN that the events should not be called riots as the situation was not violent to the extent of the 1992 Los Angeles riots, no death casualties being reported during the unrest itself – although it had begun after the deaths of two youth pursued by the police.[62]

Backlash against French hip hop artists

French rappers and hip hop artists were accused of inciting the youth of the banlieues to riot. After the riots, 200 French parliament members called for legal action against several French rappers, accusing them of inciting the violence.[63]

Judicial consequences

After ten years of preliminary proceedings, a trial was held in March 2015 against the police officers that were present during the death of Zyed Benna and Bouna Traore. The trial ended up without any condemn, triggering an important outcry.[64][65]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Emeutes de 2005 : cinq ans de prison pour l'agresseur de Le Chenadec". leparisien.fr. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  2. 1 2 Benoît Hopquin. "Après la mort de Jean-Claude Irvoas, des habitants affligés". Le Monde.fr. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  3. ↑ "Compte Rendu Detaille Des DEcisions Du Conseil Municipal" (PDF). Grandbesancon.fr. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  4. ↑ Jocelyne Cesari (November 2005). Ethnicity, Islam, and les banlieues: Confusing the Issues
  5. ↑ Canet, R; L Pech, M Stewart (November 2008). "France's Burning Issue: Understanding the Urban Riots of November 2005". SSRN 1303514Freely accessible.
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ "Rioting in France: What's Wrong with Europe?". Spiegel. 7 November 2005.
  8. 1 2 "Behind the Furor, the Last Moments of Two Youths". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
  9. ↑ Chrisafis, Angelique (13 October 2012). "French teens electrocution case linked to 2005 riots reopens". The Guardian.
  10. ↑ "Content Not Found - Mail & Guardian". Mg.co.za. 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  11. ↑ "Headlines for November 03, 2005". Democracy Now!. 2005-11-03. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  12. ↑ "L'antiterrorisme, selon le patron des RG". LeMonde. October 2008.
  13. ↑ "The Scotsman". News.scotsman.com. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  14. ↑ "Le Conseil d'Etat refuse de suspendre l'état d'urgence". LeMonde. 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  15. ↑ "Banlieues : Les violences se stabilisent - Société - MYTF1News". Lci.tf1.fr. 2014-02-18. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  16. ↑ "Europe | Riot erupts in French city centre". BBC News. 2005-11-13. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  17. ↑ "Le Nouvel Observateur - Actualités en temps réel, Info à la Une". Permanent.nouvelobs.com. 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  18. ↑ "Europe | France extends laws to curb riots". BBC News. 2005-11-16. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  19. ↑ "Compte Rendu Detaille Des DEcisions Du Conseil Municipal" (PDF). Grandbesancon.fr. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  20. ↑ "Emeutes de 2005 : cinq ans de prison pour l'agresseur de Le Chenadec". leparisien.fr. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  21. ↑ "Europe | Q&A: French labour law row". BBC News. 2006-04-11. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  22. ↑ "10 Officers Shot as Riots Worsen in French Cities". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  23. ↑ "Europe | Ghettos shackle French Muslims". BBC News. 2005-10-31. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  24. ↑ "Europe | Ghettos shackle French Muslims". BBC News. 2005-10-31. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  25. ↑ Simpson, John (2005-11-07). "Europe | Violence exposes France's weaknesses". BBC News. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  26. ↑ "France PM: Curfews to stem riots". Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 7 November 2005.
  27. ↑ Kaku, Michio (2012-06-10). "International Herald Tribune". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  28. ↑ "France: Growing Signs of Unrest Among Muslims". Stratfor. 2 November 2005.
  29. ↑ "Timeline: France riots". Aljazeera. 14 November 2005.
  30. ↑ Jason Burke (2005-10-30). "Fires of 'civil war' erupt in Paris | World news | The Observer". Observer.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  31. ↑ "Riots Plague Paris Suburbs for Sixth Night". Fox News. 2005-11-02. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  32. 1 2 "Le Nouvel Observateur - Actualités en temps réel, Info à la Une". Permanent.nouvelobs.com. 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  33. ↑ "Europe | French riots spread beyond Paris". BBC News. 2005-11-04. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  34. ↑ "1 295 véhicules ont brûlé cette nuit". LeMonde. 2014-02-16. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  35. ↑ "754 véhicules incendiés, 203 interpellations". Archived from the original on 18 November 2006. Retrieved 7 November 2005.
  36. ↑ "1 295 véhicules ont brûlé cette nuit, le plus lourd bilan depuis le début des émeutes". LeMonde. 6 November 2005.
  37. ↑ "Le Nouvel Observateur - Actualités en temps réel, Info à la Une". Permanent.nouvelobs.com. 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  38. ↑ "Police shot, wounded in France unrest". Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 7 November 2005.
  39. ↑ "France PM: Curfews to stem riots". Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 8 November 2005.
  40. ↑ "Une nuit marquée nombreuses violences surtout en province". LeMonde. 2014-02-18. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  41. ↑ "France plans curfews to curb spiralling riots". Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 8 November 2005.
  42. ↑ Bethany McLean (2009-02-09). "Business & Financial News, Breaking US & International News | Reuters.com". Today.reuters.com. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  43. ↑ "Banlieues en crise : baisse sensible des violences, premiers couvre-feux". LeMonde. 9 November 2005.
  44. ↑ "Unrest flares amid the curfews". Archived from the original on 25 November 2005. Retrieved 9 November 2005.
  45. ↑ "Xinhua - English". News.xinhuanet.com. 2005-11-09. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  46. ↑ "Curfew for riot-hit French towns". BBC News. 10 November 2005.
  47. ↑ "Banlieues: couvre-feu appliqué dans cinq départements, la violence recule". LeMonde. 10 November 2005.
  48. ↑ "Chirac Seeks to Learn Lessons From Unrest". CBS News. November 2005. Archived from the original on 26 November 2005.
  49. ↑ "Incidents pour la seizième nuit consécutive en France, la police en alerte". LeMonde. 2014-02-15. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  50. ↑ "An underclass rebellion". The Economist. 14 November 2005.
  51. ↑ "Unruhen flauen weiter ab: 162 Autos in Frankreich angezündet - Nachrichten". NZZ.ch. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  52. ↑ "Le retour au calme semble se confirmer dans les banlieues". LeMonde. 15 November 2005.
  53. ↑ "La tendance à l'apaisement se confirme". LeMonde. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  54. ↑ "Erneut Nacht der Zerstörungen in Frankreich: Unruhen ebben aber langsam ab - Nachrichten". NZZ.ch. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  55. ↑ "La boîte de Pandore de Sarkozy". L'Humanité. 3 November 2005.
  56. ↑ "The Times | UK News, World News and Opinion". Timesonline.co.uk. 2010-03-30. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  57. ↑ "Comprendre avant de juger : à propos des émeutes urbaines en France (by anthropologist Alain Morice)". Samizdat. 31 December 2005.
  58. ↑ "Die Banlieues kommen nicht zur Ruhe: Besorgte Blicke aufs Wochenende - Nachrichten". NZZ.ch. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  59. ↑ Claire Cozens. "French TV boss admits censoring riot coverage | Media". MediaGuardian. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  60. ↑ "Media Backspin". Backspin.typepad.com. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  61. ↑ "Le Nouvel Observateur - Actualités en temps réel, Info à la Une". Permanent.nouvelobs.com. 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  62. ↑ "De Villepin interview: Full text - Nov 29, 2005". CNN.com. 2005-11-29. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  63. ↑ "French Rap Musicians Blamed for Violence". NPR. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  64. ↑ "A Lingering Injustice in France". The New York Times. 21 May 2015.
  65. ↑ "France accused of 'judicial apartheid' after two police officers were cleared of failing to help teenagers whose deaths sparked 2005 Paris riots". Daily Mail. 18 May 2015.

Notes

  1. Planoise-reflexion (In French)
  2. Besancon.fr (In French)
  3. ^ Article from Le Monde
  4. ^ "Scotsman" on renewal of state of emergency
  5. ^ Indymedia on renewal of state of emergency, #torched cars
  6. ^ "Each night between 40 and 60 cars are torched" according to the Council of State in "Le Canard enchaîné #4442, 14 December 2005.

<sup class="noprint Inline-Template "noprint Inline-Template"" style="white-space:nowrap;">[check quotation syntax]#^ Renewal of state of emergency (article from Le Monde)

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