Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2005

Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2005
Are you for or against the ratification of the proposed new constitution?
Results Votes % Yes 2,532,918 7001416500000000000♠41.65% No 3,548,477 7001583500000000000♠58.35% Valid votes 6,081,395 7002100000000000000♠100.00% Invalid or blank votes 0 5000000000000000000♠0% Total votes 6,081,395 100.00% Registered voters/turnout 11,594,877 7001524500000000000♠52.45%
Referendum held: 21 November 2005

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A constitutional referendum was held in Kenya on 21 November 2005. Although many government officials, including President Mwai Kibaki, had campaigned for a "yes" vote, the proposed new constitution was rejected by 58% of voters.

Despite the rising number of literate voters in Kenya (74%),^[1] ballot papers use symbols as well as text to indicate a preferred candidate. The referendum saw supporters of the new constitution assigned the symbol of a banana, while the opposition were assigned the orange as their means of representation, ultimately leading to the opposition group being named the Orange Democratic Movement.

The referendum divided the ruling National Rainbow Coalition into camps for and against the proposal, as well as spurring violence between Orange and Banana supporters; nine people died during the campaign period spread over several months, but the process itself was peaceful.

Draft constitution

During the drafting of the constitution there were disagreements over how much power should be vested in the President, with many believing Kibaki was attempting to garner dictatorial powers. In previous drafts, those who feared a concentration of power in the president added provisions for European-style power-sharing between the President and Prime Minister. However, the final draft of the constitution retained sweeping powers for the Head of State.

The issue of land reform was also prevalent due to the frequency of land disputes between ethnic groups. The draft constitution sought to deal with this and included measures against the ownership of land by foreigners (European immigrants and their descendants own numerous large tracts of land in Kenya). The constitution would have also permitted women to own land for the first time, although only through inheritance, and sought to establish a 'Land Commission' that would manage and oversee the redistribution of land (the formation of the Land Commission was included primarily as a means of preventing the 'gifting' of land by government officials for favours). The land commission would also serve as a human rights watchdog over land disputes and would attempt to give back land to ethnic groups and individuals who have unfairly lost land in the past.

The constitution sought also to classify land as either "government, community, or individual" property. Many have been alarmed by a more radical provision which would allow the land commission to redistribute land that is 'idle' or not being used to its fullest potential to the landless and squatters. This met the most resistance amongst absentee land owners, and nomadic groups such as the Maasai, whose land could potentially be repossessed.

'Religious courts' were also an area of concern prior to the voting. Since Islamic religious courts already existed in Kenya, demands for courts specific to other religions (mainly Christian and Hindu) were adhered to and the draft constitution provided legal basis for a number of religious judiciaries.

Campaign

Because Kibaki so vigorously promoted the new constitution and based his election campaign around it, many voters used the referendum merely as means to voice their approval or disapproval of the Kibaki government. This would become the sentiment on which the victorious Orange camp would base their demands for snap elections, claiming the government had lost its mandate to rule as a result of the "no" vote by the people.

Opinion polls

There was a single opinion poll taken by Steadman International, which showed 42% against, 32% for and 22% undecided, with 4% refusing to answer.^[2]

Results

Are you for or against the ratification of the proposed new constitution?

By province

Aftermath

After voters rejected a draft constitution, President Mwai Kibaki dismissed his entire cabinet and deputy ministers, moving quickly to reassert his political authority.^[3] Of his decision Kibaki said, "Following the results of the Referendum, it has become necessary for me, as the President of the Republic, to re-organise my Government to make it more cohesive and better able to serve the people of Kenya."

Although the dismissal of individual officials is commonplace in government, the dissolution of the cabinet in its entirety is rare. The only member of the cabinet office to be spared a midterm exit was the Attorney General, whose position is constitutionally protected against Kibaki's presidential powers. Vice-President Moody Awori retained his post, however, he was deprived of his position as Minister of Home Affairs. The dismissal of the cabinet followed a seven-month period in which its members never actually met formally, instead preferring to play political games with one another through the media. Kibaki pledged to appoint a new cabinet within two weeks, until when he would be managing the nation's affairs single-handedly.^[4]

The cabinet had been increasingly divided for an extended period of time, and the issue of the constitution had created further fracturing. Because the National Rainbow Coalition was a grouping of several smaller parties (Democratic Party, FORD–Kenya, Liberal Democratic Party, National Party of Kenya), members of the Kibaki government maintain differing agendas and loyalties, often maintaining more loyalty to their party than to the Coalition. Corruption charges and investigations into the affairs of the cabinet had gone undisciplined by the president, who had been criticised for not reeling in his officials.

The response to the sacking of the cabinet and ministers by Kenyans, as a result, was overwhelming positive. However, the opposition spearheaded by the Orange Democratic Movement (whose key members consist of a number of MPs from the now moribund cabinet) expressed that Kibaki had not gone far enough and a dissolution of both the legislature and administration was necessary. This combined with the referendum's failure and Kibaki's inability to deliver on his campaign promises caused an increase in demands for new elections for the entire Kenyan government by the opposition leaders.^[5]

After rallies on 27 November 2005 by the opposition demanding new elections as soon as possible, the Kenyan government outlawed all demonstrations in support of new elections. The Kibaki government dismissed the idea of early elections, and claimed that such gatherings were a "threat to national security". The opposition encouraged nationwide pro-election demonstrations and scheduled an Orange team led rally at Mombasa Municipal Stadium for 10 December.^[6] The government called in police to seal off access the Stadium and prevent the rally from taking place. All other pro-election rallies throughout the country were to be clamped down on by law enforcement.^[7] Kibaki postponed the reconvening of the Legislature, which was scheduled to resume its affairs on 6 December.

Cabinet appointment

As promised, on 7 December 2005 President Kibaki announced his new appointments for his cabinet and empty minister positions. However, almost immediately a large portion of the appointees turned down the job offers, at least 19 MPs are said to have rejected the appointment. Many of those who turned down positions were members of FORD–Kenya and the NPK parties, who constitute the political backbone of Kibaki's regime. Both FORD–Kenya and NPK formally withdrew their support for the Government, resulting in the rejection of the high-level posts by their MPs. Many cited a failure on Kibaki's part to consult with other member parties of the coalition regarding the make-up of the new cabinet as the principal cause for the divergence within the Coalition.

On 9 December 2005, Kibaki carried out the swearing-in of the new cabinet made up almost exclusively of his closest political allies.

See also

• Constitutional Reforms in Kenya
• Kenyan constitutional referendum, 2010

References

Elections and referendums in Kenya
Presidential elections	1992 1997 2002 2007 2013 2017
Parliamentary elections	1920 1924 1927 1931 1934 1938 1944 1948 1952 1956 1957 1961 1963 1966 1969 1974 1979 1983 1988 1992 1997 2002 2007 2013 2017
Local elections	1992 1997 2002 2007 2013
Referendums	2005 2010